home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- This is the documentation file for SATWS1.GIF, SATWS2.GIF,
- SATWS3.GIF, SATWS4.GIF, SATWS5.GIF, SATWS6.GIF, and SATWSP.GIF.
-
- SATWSn.GIF are "stills" from a movie of the Saturn White Spot
- constructed from data obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope.
- These are 400 by 400 by 256 color GIFs. SATWSP.GIF is a polar
- projection of Saturn showing the entire planet North of about -6
- degrees latitude. This is a 604 by 604 by 256 color GIF.
-
- These frames show the Saturn white spot, a great storm in the
- equatorial region of Saturn, discovered by amateur astronomers in
- September, 1990. Such storms are rare: the last one in the
- equatorial region occurred in 1933. By November, the storm
- extended completely around the planet, in some places appearing
- as great masses of clouds and in others as well organized
- turbulence.
-
- Knowing that this storm is probably a once in a lifetime event,
- scientists and engineers of an ad-hoc White Spot Observing Team,
- the Wide Field/Planetary Camera Team, the Space Telescope Science
- Institute, and the Goddard Space Flight Center reprogrammed the
- observing schedule of the Hubble Space Telescope. They were able
- to get several days of Saturn observations in mid-November,
- shortly before Saturn would be too close to the Sun for
- observations.
-
- The movie was constructed from red, green, and blue Planetary
- Camera images obtained during eight successive HST orbits on
- November 17. Each of the 24 frames was processed to remove
- instrumental artifacts and the effects of the HST spherical
- aberration. The frames were then combined to make a movie by
- interpolating images of Saturn at uniform intervals of about ten
- minutes, or six degrees of rotation of Saturn. The SATWSn.GIF
- frames include every tenth frame from the movie. The color is
- approximately true color as the center wavelengths of the filters
- are 718, 547, and 439 nanometers. The occasional dark swaths
- running North-South are an artifact of joining the individual
- frames. The processed frames reveal detail down to about 700 km
- (440 miles), but there is some loss in resolution as a result of
- the interpolation. For comparison, the diameter of Saturn is
- about 120,000 km (75,000 miles).
-
- The images used to construct these frames are only about fifteen
- percent of the data acquired during the November observing
- session. By studying all the data, scientists hope to better
- understand wind speeds in Saturn's atmosphere, the composition
- and altitude of the clouds, and perhaps the cause of this great
- storm.
-
- More detail on the construction of the movie: Each of the 8
- frames in each of the three colors is projected onto a
- rectangular latitude/longitude grid. Then the frames in each
- color are joined to give maps of Saturn covering about 96 degrees
- in latitude and more than 360 degrees in longitude. These long,
- thin maps (sometimes called snakes!) are projected back to a
- sphere. One can make as many projections (with different
- longitude centers) as desired in order to construct a movie
- showing the rotation of the planet. I chose 60 frames since
- that's as much as will fit in the memory of my workstation. Of
- course, the rings, and the Southern part of the planet obscured
- by the dusky ring, do strange things when projected onto a
- latitude/longitude grid, so they must be excluded from these
- projections. To make Saturn appear properly, the rings from one
- of the original frames are simply pasted onto all the movie
- frames! The polar projection image is made from the snakes by
- using a different projection algorithm.
-
- The images of Saturn are fainter towards the edges because the
- Sun is shining obliquely on the limbs of the planet. The joints
- between frames are near the edges, and are somewhat darker than
- the rest of the map. This is the reason for the North/South dark
- swaths in the frames.
-
- February 5, 1991 - Edward J. Groth for the HST WF/PC team.
-