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1993-05-26
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This is the documentation file for SATWS1.GIF, SATWS2.GIF,
SATWS3.GIF, SATWS4.GIF, SATWS5.GIF, SATWS6.GIF, and SATWSP.GIF.
SATWSn.GIF are "stills" from a movie of the Saturn White Spot
constructed from data obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope.
These are 400 by 400 by 256 color GIFs. SATWSP.GIF is a polar
projection of Saturn showing the entire planet North of about -6
degrees latitude. This is a 604 by 604 by 256 color GIF.
These frames show the Saturn white spot, a great storm in the
equatorial region of Saturn, discovered by amateur astronomers in
September, 1990. Such storms are rare: the last one in the
equatorial region occurred in 1933. By November, the storm
extended completely around the planet, in some places appearing
as great masses of clouds and in others as well organized
turbulence.
Knowing that this storm is probably a once in a lifetime event,
scientists and engineers of an ad-hoc White Spot Observing Team,
the Wide Field/Planetary Camera Team, the Space Telescope Science
Institute, and the Goddard Space Flight Center reprogrammed the
observing schedule of the Hubble Space Telescope. They were able
to get several days of Saturn observations in mid-November,
shortly before Saturn would be too close to the Sun for
observations.
The movie was constructed from red, green, and blue Planetary
Camera images obtained during eight successive HST orbits on
November 17. Each of the 24 frames was processed to remove
instrumental artifacts and the effects of the HST spherical
aberration. The frames were then combined to make a movie by
interpolating images of Saturn at uniform intervals of about ten
minutes, or six degrees of rotation of Saturn. The SATWSn.GIF
frames include every tenth frame from the movie. The color is
approximately true color as the center wavelengths of the filters
are 718, 547, and 439 nanometers. The occasional dark swaths
running North-South are an artifact of joining the individual
frames. The processed frames reveal detail down to about 700 km
(440 miles), but there is some loss in resolution as a result of
the interpolation. For comparison, the diameter of Saturn is
about 120,000 km (75,000 miles).
The images used to construct these frames are only about fifteen
percent of the data acquired during the November observing
session. By studying all the data, scientists hope to better
understand wind speeds in Saturn's atmosphere, the composition
and altitude of the clouds, and perhaps the cause of this great
storm.
More detail on the construction of the movie: Each of the 8
frames in each of the three colors is projected onto a
rectangular latitude/longitude grid. Then the frames in each
color are joined to give maps of Saturn covering about 96 degrees
in latitude and more than 360 degrees in longitude. These long,
thin maps (sometimes called snakes!) are projected back to a
sphere. One can make as many projections (with different
longitude centers) as desired in order to construct a movie
showing the rotation of the planet. I chose 60 frames since
that's as much as will fit in the memory of my workstation. Of
course, the rings, and the Southern part of the planet obscured
by the dusky ring, do strange things when projected onto a
latitude/longitude grid, so they must be excluded from these
projections. To make Saturn appear properly, the rings from one
of the original frames are simply pasted onto all the movie
frames! The polar projection image is made from the snakes by
using a different projection algorithm.
The images of Saturn are fainter towards the edges because the
Sun is shining obliquely on the limbs of the planet. The joints
between frames are near the edges, and are somewhat darker than
the rest of the map. This is the reason for the North/South dark
swaths in the frames.
February 5, 1991 - Edward J. Groth for the HST WF/PC team.